Influence of Sample Gas Humidity on Product Ion Formation in High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS)

Abstract

High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometers (HiKE-IMS) chemically ionize gaseous samples via reactant ions and separate the generated ions by their motion in a neutral gas under the influence of an electric field. Operation at reduced pressures of 10–40 mbar allows for reaching high reduced electric field strengths (E/N) of up to 120 Td. At these high E/N, the generated ions gain the namesake high kinetic energies, leading to a decrease in cluster size of the reactant ions by increasing the reaction rate of collision-induced cluster dissociation of hydrates. In positive ion polarity and in purified air, H3O+(H2O)n, NO+(H2O)n, and O2+•(H2O)p are the most abundant reactant ions. In this work, we investigate the effect of varying sample gas humidity on product ion formation for several model substances. Results show that increasing the sample gas humidity at high E/N of 120 Td shifts product ion formation from a charge transfer dominated reaction system to a proton transfer dominated reaction system. For HiKE-IMS operated at high E/N, the reduction in cluster size of reactant ions allows ionization of analytes with low proton affinity even at high relative humidity in the sample gas of RH = 75% at 303.15 K and 1013.25 hPa. In contrast to conventional IMS, where increasing the sample gas humidity inhibits ionization for various analytes, increasing sample gas humidity in HiKE-IMS operated at 120 Td is actually beneficial for ionization yield of most analytes investigated in this work as it increases the number of H3O+(H2O)n.