Using three well-designed experimental studies as illustration, we demonstrate that the biostatistical design and analysis of long-term animal studies simulating human osteoporosis should be analogous to the design and analysis of randomized clinical trials. This principal is in accordance with the recommendations from the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines concerning statistical principles in clinical trials (1). An important element of biostatistical study design is sample size. The three studies that are described herein used an a-priori sample size estimation for the one-way layout that included controls and several treatment and dose groups. In these k-sample designs, with at least one control group, both the multiple comparison procedure and trend tests within procedures for identification of the minimal-effective dose are recommended. Although p-values in pharmacology are quite common, confidence intervals should be used according to their interpretation for both statistical significance and clinical relevance. The use of one-sided confidence intervals for both the difference and the ratio to control for proving either superiority or at least noninferiority is demonstrated by real data examples. Relevant and relatively straightforward software is available for biostatistical analysis and can also be used to aid design. In summary, referring to published, well-designed experimental studies can help to assist with ensuring the quality of future investigations. © 2004, Drug Information Association. All rights reserved.