Blue-green opponency and trichromatic vision in the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Abstract

Visual orientation in the greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is the result of 9wavelength-specific behaviours9. Green-yellow elicits 9settling behaviour9 while ultraviolet (UV) radiation initiates 9migratory behaviour9. Electroretinograms of the photoreceptors9 spectral efficiency showed peaks in the green and the UV range and whitefly vision was said to be dichromatic. In order to study the visual behaviour of T. vaporariorum , nineteen narrow-bandwidth LEDs covering the UV-A and visible range were used in combination with light scattering acrylic glass screens in a small-scale choice arena under greenhouse conditions. Multiple-choice and dual-choice assays were performed, resulting in LED-based behavioural action spectra of settling (green) and migratory behaviour (UV). A potential inhibitory blue-green chromatic mechanism was studied by combining yellow with different blueish LEDs. Intensity dependencies were illustrated by changing LED intensities. Regarding the 9settling response9, highest attraction was achieved by a green LED with a centroid wavelength of 550 nm, while a blue LED with 469 nm proved to be most inhibitory. Behaviour was distinctly intensity dependent. 9Migratory behaviour9 was elicited the most by the UV LED with the shortest available wavelength of 373 nm. The results clearly prove the presence of a green and a yet undescribed blue sensitive photoreceptor and a blue-green opponent mechanism. Furthermore, empirical colour choice models were built and receptor peaks were estimated around 510 - 520 nm (green), 480 - 490 nm (blue) and 340 - 370 nm (UV). Consequently, Trialeurodes vaporariorum possesses a trichromatic receptor setup.