Zusammenfassung: | |
Wind energy will be one of the most important energy sources in the carbon-neutral energy
system of the future. A small but rapidly growing share of the installed wind capacity con-
sists of offshore wind farms, which benefit from the high wind speeds and small turbulence
intensities that prevail offshore. However, with the increasing expansion of offshore wind
energy, these beneficial conditions are being affected by the wind farms themselves. Offshore
wind farms can produce long wakes in which the wind speed is reduced and the turbulence
intensity is enhanced. Additionally, the power output of the wind farm is reduced due to wake
losses inside the wind farm. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the power output and
wake effects of large (multi-gigawatt) wind farms with large-eddy simulations. Wind farms
of this size have never been investigated before.
The results show that the flow in large wind farms is more complex than in small (sub-
gigawatt) wind farms. Large wind farms cause a counterclockwise flow deflection in the order
of 10◦ due to a reduced Coriolis force inside the wind farm. The wind farm induced speed
deficit spreads into the entire boundary layer and causes the flow to diverge in the vertical
direction. This results in a vertical displacement of the inversion layer, which excites statio-
nary gravity waves in the free atmosphere. The gravity waves affect the pressure distribution
near the surface and cause a significant flow blockage resulting in speed deficits of approxi-
mately 10% upstream of the wind farm. Smaller wind farms can also excite gravity waves,
but their amplitude and blockage effect is much weaker. Simulations with wind farms that
have a finite size in both lateral directions show that large wind farms cause a significant
flow divergence in the crosswise direction. Large wind farms generate wakes with a length
in the order of 100 km. Longer wakes (in terms of wind speed deficit) occur for shallower
boundary layers and smaller turbine spacings. The effect of the atmospheric stability on the
wake length could not clearly be stated because this parameter can not be changed without
affecting others. The wake length in terms of turbulence intensity was found to be in the
order of 10 km and to be independent of the wind farm size.
In the simulated cases, large wind farms achieved wind farm efficiencies of only 41% − 64%
in contrast to 66%−88% for small wind farms. The boundary layer height significantly affects
the efficiency of large wind farms but not the efficiency of small wind farms. Energy budget
analyses have shown that the advection of kinetic energy by the mean flow is the largest
energy source for small wind farms. However, for large wind farms the largest energy source
is the vertical turbulent flux of kinetic energy. For large wind farms the energy input by the
geostrophic forcing becomes more dominant. This source is also enhanced by an increase in
the ageostrophic wind speed component resulting from the counterclockwise flow deflection.
A comparison with analytical wake models shows that their power output prediction deviates
from the large-eddy simulation results by up to 40% and that they can not reproduce the
flow complexity of large wind farms. The reason is that the wake models neglect relevant
physical processes and energy sources and sinks. Further large-eddy simulation case studies
with a systematic variation of the relevant parameters are needed to learn more about the
flow behavior in large wind farms and to improve existing wake models.
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Lizenzbestimmungen: | CC BY 3.0 DE - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/ |
Publikationstyp: | DoctoralThesis |
Publikationsstatus: | publishedVersion |
Erstveröffentlichung: | 2023 |
Schlagwörter (deutsch): | Grobstruktursimulation, sehr große Windparks, Energieertrag, Nachlaufeffekte |
Schlagwörter (englisch): | very large wind farms, power output, wake effects, large eddy |
Fachliche Zuordnung (DDC): | 550 | Geowissenschaften, 530 | Physik |