Advanced solar cell architectures like passivated emitter and rear (PERC) and heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) are increasingly sensitive to bulk recombination. Present device models consider homogeneous bulk ...

We investigate to what extent convergence in production levels per worker has been achieved in Germany since unification. To this end, we model the distribution of GDP per employee across German districts using two-component ...

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In this paper the land surface model embedded in the PALM model system is described and evaluated against in situ measurements at Cabauw, Netherlands. A total of 2 consecutive clear-sky days are simulated, and the components ...

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Roots are known to use biopores as preferential growth pathways to overcome hard soil layers and access subsoil water resources. This study evaluates root- biopore interactions at the root-system scale under different soil ...

Estimations of global glacier mass changes over the course of the 20th century require automated initialization methods, allowing the reconstruction of past glacier states from limited information. In a previous study, we ...

A detailed analysis of second-order moment budgets for cloud topped boundary layers (CTBLs) is performed using high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES). Two CTBLs are simulated—one with trade wind shallow cumuli, and ...

Simulating the energy consumption of greenhouses provides significant advantages for planning their construction or estimating the effectiveness of reconstruction measures. A substantial number of models used today derive ...

Good quality data on precipitation are a prerequisite for applications like short-term weather forecasts, medium-term humanitarian assistance, and long-term climate modelling. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, the meteorological ...