Three-dimensional (3D)-bioprinting enables scientists to mimic in vivo micro-environments and to perform in vitro cell experiments under more physiological conditions than is possible with conventional two-dimensional (2D) ...

For more than a decade, living cells and biomaterials (typically hydrogels) are printed via laser-assisted bioprinting. Often, a thin metal layer is applied as laser-absorbing material called dynamic release layer (DRL). ...